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Date modified: Sensitiveness to shock at declared maximum process transport temperature. A only explosives handled using pumps or augers - handled: see TDG definition of handling. M Footnote 1. Check UN packaging certification on package. Check compliance with CGSB packaging instruction. Check presence and correctness of TDG label, shipping name, PIN, manufacturers product name or part number, address, phone number.
Confirm presence of ladder. Check dimensions as declared. The certification must be present. Must meet packaging instruction. Required markings must be on packaging. The ladder must be on the packaging. Substance - colour and form must meet declaration. Articles - dimension, masses, materials and labelling must be as declared.
Articles must have "Explosive - Danger - Explosif". Must be as per declaration and within declared tolerances. Article must have appropriate marking including the warning.
CEN Standard EN Explosives for civil uses - High explosives - Part 1: the density as measured by 3 replicates shall be within the limits claimed by the manufacturer. No undeclared ingredients can be present 0. The concentrations of ingredients must be within the tolerances declared by the manufacturer.
Must be "-" by the criteria in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria with the exception that the impact sensitiveness of mechanically handled explosives must exceed a limiting energy of 6 J by the BAM Fallhammer test. The heat test time must be greater than 10 min. Must be "-" similar to the criteria in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria must not detonate in the test when initiated with a minimum 0.
Determine transition to explosion when subjected to external fire in packaged form - External Fire Test - UN 5 c. CEN Standard EN Explosives for civil uses - High explosives - Part 1: Requirements if the manufacturer claims that the explosive can be used at temperatures or pressures outside of the ranges of validity of the standard tests, the tests shall be conducted at those temperatures.
A Footnote 4. A Footnote 5. Must meet packaging instructions. Article must have appropriate marking including the warning or bomb burst logo as appropriate.
Assign to Division 1. Ammonium nitrate fuel oil - an explosive material consisting of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.
The procedure for obtaining authorization are described in the Explosives Regulations current Regulations sections 15 to 24; new proposed modernized Regulations Part 3. A blasting explosive formed by mixing or combining two precursor chemicals, for example ammonium nitrate and nitromethane. Detonating explosive substances used in mining, construction and similar tasks.
Blasting explosives are assigned to one of five types. In addition to the ingredients listed, blasting explosives may contain inert components such as kieselguhr, and minor ingredients such as colouring agents and stabilizers.
An explosive charge, usually of high detonation velocity and detonation pressure, designed to be used in the explosive initiation sequence between an initiator or primer and the main charge. The sensitivity of an explosive to initiation by a detonator. An explosive material is considered to be cap sensitive if it detonates with a standard type of detonator.
The standard used in Canada is a 0. The total weight in kilograms or pounds of an explosive charge net explosives quantity or NEQ. This is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. Properties that involve changing the chemical nature of matter.
Examples of chemical properties include heat of combustion, reactivity in water, pH. Explosives designed, produced and used for commercial or industrial applications rather than for military purposes. Different types of explosives are considered to be compatible if they may be stored or transported together without significantly increasing either the probability of an accident or, for a given quantity, the magnitude of an effect of an accident.
See Authorization of Explosives Regulations for definitions. A national agency or body responsible under its national law for the control or regulation of a particular aspect of the transportation of hazardous materials. The minimum diameter for propagation of a detonation wave at a stable velocity. Critical diameter is affected by conditions of confinement, temperature, and pressure on the explosive. An explosive reaction where rapid combustion moves through an explosive material at a velocity less than the speed of sound.
The mass of an explosive per unit of volume, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimetre or pounds per cubic foot. A flexible cord containing a centre core of high explosive and used to initiate other explosives. A violent and complete chemical reaction proceeding at supersonic velocity within an explosive, generating gases at extremely high pressure and temperature.
The sudden and enormous pressure of hot gases violently disrupts the surroundings, and a shock wave is propagated at supersonic velocity. Any device containing any initiating or primary explosive that is used for initiating detonation. A high explosive used for blasting, consisting essentially of a mixture of, but not limited to, nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and carbonaceous materials.
An explosive material containing substantial amounts of oxidizers most frequently ammonium nitrate dissolved in water droplets, surrounded by an immiscible fuel most frequently fuel oil. The emulsion is stabilized by various emulsifiers.
Sensitivity is achieved by adding voids such as small nitrogen bubbles by using a gassing mixture or micro-spheres made of glass or plastic.
Prior to sensitization, the product is sometimes called the "base emulsion". The characteristics of the explosive may be varied by adding solids such as AN prills. A substance manufactured to produce an explosion, detonation, pyrotechnic or propulsive effect, and includes articles containing such substances. The lowest temperature at which vapours from a volatile combustible substance ignite in air when exposed to a flame, as determined in an apparatus specifically designed for such testing.
A measure of the amount of toxic gases, primarily carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, produced by the detonation of an explosive. The gaseous products of an explosion. For the purposes of fume classification, only poisonous or toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, and nitrogen oxides are considered. The density of an emulsion or water gel explosive after sensitization by a chemical reaction resulting in gas.
A system of hazard classification for dangerous goods based on the international system of classification as devised by the United Nations. Explosives are assigned to the appropriate hazard division and compatibility group in this system using a recognized UN test series.
The classification of an explosive into numbered divisions according to the hazards they present. An explosive that reacts by detonation rather than deflagration when used in its normal manner also known as detonating explosive. High explosives are characterized by a very high rate of reaction, high pressure development, and the presence of a detonation wave in the explosion.
The pressure at any point in a column of fluid caused by the weight of the fluid above that point. Institute of the Makers of Explosives. A non-profit association dedicated to safety and security, representing producers of commercial explosive materials in the US and Canada and dedicated to safety in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling and use of explosive materials.
A classification indicating the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide produced by an explosive or blasting agent. Explosives with positive oxygen balances are not considered as being acceptable in these classifications. A device used to perforate oil and gas wells in preparation for production. Containing several shaped explosive charges, perforating guns are available in a range of sizes and configurations. The diameter of the gun used is typically determined by the presence of wellbore restrictions or limitations imposed by the surface equipment.
An explosion which affects virtually the entire quantity of explosives under consideration practically instantaneously. The term usually relates to detonation but also applies to deflagration when the practical effects are similar, for example, the mass deflagration of black powder or propellants under very strong confinement so as to produce a burst effect and a serious hazard from debris. An explosive chemical compound used as a sensitizer in dynamite and represented by the formula C3H5 ONO2 3.
These include traditional dynamite, packaged ANFO, emulsion and water gel explosives. The explosives are packaged in tubes, cardboard or other materials, or in polymer film resulting in sausage-like products. A device used to deploy shaped charges down cased well holes for cutting radial holes through the steel casing and into the surrounding formation structure.
These are properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties include appearance, texture, colour, odour, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity and many others. PE - a system of classification to determine appropriate quantity-distance principles for manufacture, storage and handling, based on the behaviour of the explosives in intermediate forms and containment it may encounter during manufacturing.
A sensitive explosive that nearly always detonates by simple ignition from such means as spark, flame, impact, friction, or other primary heat sources of appropriate magnitude.
A unit, package, or cartridge of explosives used to initiate other explosives or blasting agents, and which contains, 1 a detonator, or 2 detonating cord to which is attached a detonator. An explosive material that normally functions by deflagration and is used for propulsion purposes. ISEE definition : A measure of an explosive's cartridge-to-cartridge propagating ability under certain test conditions. It is expressed as the distance through air at which a primed half-cartridge donor will detonate an unprimed half-cartridge receptor.
Also see gap sensitivity. An explosive with a shaped cavity, specifically designed to produce a high-velocity cutting or piercing jet of product reaction; usually lined with metal to create a jet of molten liner material. An explosive material containing substantial portions of a liquid, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a thickener.
The ratio of the weight of a volume of substance to the weight of an equal volume of pure water. Permissible limits of variation in a measured value or physical property of a material. The chemical decomposition of an explosive may take years, days, hours, or a fraction of a second. The slower forms of decomposition take place in storage and are of interest only from a stability standpoint. Of more in-terest are the two rapid forms of decomposition, burning and detonation.
The term "detonation" is used to describe an explosive phenomenon of almost instantaneous decomposition. The properties of the explosive indicate the class into which it falls. In some cases explosives may be made to fall into either class by the conditions under which they are initiated. For convenience, low and high explosives may be differentiated in the following manner. These are normally employed as propellants. They undergo autocombustion at rates that vary from a few centimeters per second to approximately meters per second.
Included in this group are smokeless powders, which will be discussed in a later chapter, and pyrotechnics such as flares and illumination devices. These are normally employed in warheads.
They undergo detonation at rates of 1, to 8, meters per second. High explosives are conventionally subdivided into two classes and differentiated by sensitivity: These are extremely sensitive to shock, friction, and heat. They will burn rapidly or detonate if ignited. These are relatively insensitive to shock, friction, and heat. They may burn when ignited in small, unconfined quantities; detonation occurs otherwise.
The usefulness of a military explosive can only be appreciated when these properties and the factors affecting them are fully understood. Many explosives have been stud-ied in past years to determine their suitability for mili-tary use and most have been found wanting. Several of those found acceptable have displayed certain characteristics that are considered undesirable and, therefore, limit their use-fulness in military applications.
The requirements of a military explosive are stringent, and very few explosives display all of the characteristics necessary to make them acceptable for military standardization.
Some of the more important characteristics are discussed below: In view of the enormous quantity demands of modern warfare, explosives must be produced from cheap raw materials that are nonstrategic and available in great quantity. In addi-tion, manufacturing operations must be reasonably simple, cheap, and safe. Regarding an explosive, this refers to the ease with which it can be ignited or detonated--i.
When the term sensitivity is used, care must be ta-ken to clarify what kind of sensitivity is under discussion. The relative sensitivity of a given explosive to impact may vary greatly from is sensitivity to friction or heat. Some of the test methods used to determine sensitivity are as follows: 1 Impact--Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the distance through which a standard weight must be dropped to cause the material to explode. Sensitivity is an important consideration in selecting an explosive for a particular purpose.
The explosive in an armor-piercing projectile must be relatively insensitive, or the shock of impact would cause it to detonate before it penetrated to the point desired. Stability is the ability of an explosive to be stored without deterioration. The following factors affect the stability of an explosive: 1 Chemical constitution--The very fact that some common chemical compounds can undergo explosion when heated indicates that there is something unstable in their struc-tures. While no precise explanation has been developed for this, it is generally recognized that certain groups, nitro dioxide NO2 , nitrate NO3 , and azide N3 , are intrin-sically in a condition of internal strain.
Increased strain through heating can cause a sudden disruption of the mole-cule and consequent explosion. In some cases, this condi-tion of molecular instability is so great that decomposition takes place at ordinary temperatures. As a rule of thumb, most explosives becomes danger-ously unstable at temperatures exceeding 70oC. The term power or more properly, performance as it is applied to an explosive refers to its ability to do work.
In practice it is defined as its ability to accomplish what is intended in the way of energy delivery i. Explosive power or performance is evaluated by a tailored series of tests to assess the material for its intended use. Of the test listed below, cylinder expansion and air-blast tests are common to most testing programs, and the others support specific uses.
Data is collected concerning the rate of radial expansion of the cylinder and maximum cylinder wall velocity. This also establishes the Gurney constant or 2E. The fragments are collected and the size distribution analyzed. The procedure involves the detonation of a series of charges of different diameters until difficulty in detonation wave propagation is observed. The hydrodynamic theory of detona-tion used in predicting explosive phenomena does not include diameter of the charge, and therefore a detonation velocity, for an imaginary charge of infinite diameter.
This proced-ure requires a series of charges of the same density and physical structure, but different diameters, to be fired and the resulting detonation velocities interpolated to predict the detonation velocity of a charge of infinite diameter.
The values obtained are compared with that for TNT. The results are tabulated and expressed in TNT equivalent. In addition to strength, explosives display a second charac-teristic, which is their shattering effect or brisance from the French meaning to "break" , which is distinguished form their total work capacity. This characteristic is of prac-tical importance in determining the effectiveness of an ex-plosion in fragmenting shells, bomb casings, grenades, and the like.
The rapidity with which an explosive reaches its peak pressure is a measure of its brisance. Brisance values are primarily employed in France and the Soviet Union. Density of loading refers to the unit weight of an explosive per unit volume.
Several methods of loading are available, and the one used is determined by the characteristics of the explosive.
The methods available include pellet loading, cast loading, or press loading. High load density can reduce sensi-tivity by making the mass more resistant to internal fric-tion. If density is increased to the extent that individual crystals are crushed, the explosive will become more sensi-tive. Increased load density also permits the use of more explosive, thereby increasing the strength of the warhead.
Volatility, or the readiness with which a substance vapori-zes, is an undesirable characteristic in military explo-sives. Explosives must be no more than slightly volatile at the temperature at which they are loaded or at their highest storage temperature. Excessive volatility often results in the development of pressure within rounds of ammunition and separation of mixtures into their constituents. Stability, as mentioned before, is the ability of an explosive to stand up under storage conditions without deteriorating.
Volatil-ity affects the chemical composition of the explosive such that a marked reduction in stability may occur, which re-sults in an increase in the danger of handling. Maximum allowable volatility is 2 ml.
The introduction of moisture into an explosive is highly undesirable since it reduces the sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation of the explosive. Hygroscopicity is used as a measure of a material's moisture-absorbing tenden-cies.
Moisture affects explosives adversely by acting as an inert material that absorbs heat when vaporized, and by act-ing as a solvent medium that can cause undesired chemical reactions. Sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detona-tion are reduced by inert materials that reduce the contin-uity of the explosive mass.
When the moisture content evap-orates during detonation, cooling occurs, which reduces the temperature of reaction. Stability is also affected by the presence of moisture since moisture promotes decomposition of the explosive and, in addition, causes corrosion of the explosive's metal container.
For all of these reasons, hy-groscopicity must be negligible in military explosives. Due to their chemical structure, most explosives are toxic to some extent. Since the effect of toxicity may vary from a mild headache to serious damage of internal organs, care must be taken to limit toxicity in military explosives to a minimum. Any explosive of high toxicity is unacceptable for military use. A-doption of an explosive for a particular use is based upon both proving ground and service tests.
Before these tests, however, preliminary estimates of the characteristics of the explosive are made. The principles of thermochemistry are applied for this process. Thermochemistry is concerned with the changes in inter-nal energy, principally as heat, in chemical reactions. An explosion consists of a series of reactions, highly exo-thermic, involving decomposition of the ingredients and re-combination to form the products of explosion. Energy changes in explosive reactions are calculated either from known chemical laws or by analysis of the products.
For most common reactions, tables based on previous in-vestigations permit rapid calculation of energy changes. Products of an explosive remaining in a closed calorimetric bomb a constant-volume explosion after cooling the bomb back to room temperature and pressure are rarely those pre-sent at the instant of maximum temperature and pressure.
Since only the final products may be analyzed conveniently, indirect or theoretical methods are often used to determine the maximum temperature and pressure values. Some of the important characteristics of an explosive that can be determined by such theoretical computations are: 1 Oxygen balance 2 Heat of explosion or reaction 3 Volume of products of explosion 4 Potential of the explosive If an explo-sive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the mol-ecule is said to have a zero oxygen balance.
The molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed.
The sensitivity, strength, and brisance of an explosive are all somewhat de-pendent upon oxygen balance and tend to approach their maxi-mums as oxygen balance approaches zero. The oxygen balance OB is calculated from the empiric-al formula of a compound in percentage of oxygen required for complete conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide, hydrog-en to water, and metal to metal oxide.
The procedure for calculating oxygen balance in terms of grams of the explosive material is to determine the number of gram atoms of oxygen that are excess or deficient for grams of a compound. When using oxygen balance to predict properties of one explosive relative to another, it is to be expected that one with an oxygen balance closer to zero will be the more brisant, pow-erful, and sensitive; however, many exceptions to this rule do exist.
More complicated predictive calculations, such as those discussed in the next section, result in more accurate predictions.
One area in which oxygen balance can be applied is in the processing of mixtures of explosives. The family of explosives called amatols are mixtures of ammonium nitrate and TNT. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, the reaction may either absorb or give off heat. The quan-tity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation.
The heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been de-termined for a temperature of 15oC and atmospheric pressure, and are normally tabulated in units of kilocalories per gram molecule. See table Where a negative value is giv-en, it indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements. Such a reaction is call-ed an endothermic reaction. The convention usually employed in simple thermochemical calculations is arbitrarily to take heat contents of all elements as zero in their standard states at all temperatures standard state being defined as the state at which the elements are found under natural or ambient conditions.
Since the heat of formation of a compound is the net difference between the heat content of the compound and that of its elements, and since the latter are taken as zero by convention, it follows that the heat content of a compound is equal to its heat of formation in such nonrigorous calculations.
This leads us to the princi-ple of initial and final state, which may be expressed as follows: "The net quantity of heat liberated or absorbed in any chemical modification of a system depends solely upon the initial and final states of the system, provided the transformation takes place at constant volume or at constant pressure.
It is completely independent of the intermediate transformations and of the time required for the reactions. Consider the formation of the original explosive from its elements as an intermediate reaction in the formation of the products of explosion.
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